Key UK Anti-SLAPP Developments
This is based on a timeline developed by the Foreign Policy Centre for the 2nd Anti-SLAPP conference, held in London on 28-29th November 2022.
2021
JANUARY 2021
The UK Anti-SLAPP Coalition is formed by the Foreign Policy Centre and Index on Censorship.
MARCH 2021
Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich files a case against journalist Catherine Belton and her publisher HarperCollins for her book Putin’s People.
Realtid, a Swedish Publication, its editor and two journalists face their first jurisdictional hearing against the Monaco-based Swedish businessman, Svante Kumlin, for their investigation into his business affairs. 24 coalition members release a statement in support.
The British investigative journalist Oliver Bullough, receives a letter from the Scottish law firm Bannatyne Kirkwood France & Co, objecting to the inclusion of the Vice-President of Angola Bornito de Sousa in his book MoneyLand, and demanding that the book be withdrawn. A complaint is later filed in Portugal.
MAY 2021
English PEN join Index on Censorship and the Foreign Policy Centre as co-chair of the UK Anti-SLAPP Coalition
SLAPPs are mentioned in the UK Parliament for the first time by Damian Collins MP during a debate for World Press Freedom Day
JUNE 2021
Abramovich also lodges a defamation action against HarperCollins in Australia regarding Catherine Belton’s book, Putin’s People.
openDemocracy, a UK registered media outlet, writes about a previous legal challenge they faced in an article, ‘Jeffrey Donaldson sued us. Here’s why we’re going public’.
22 coalition members condemn lawsuits brought by ENRC against public watchdogs in a shared public statement.
JULY 2021
22 coalition members publish a policy paper on ‘Countering legal intimidation and SLAPPs in the UK’.
Four of the five cases threatened against Catherine Belton, and her publisher make it to a meaning hearing. HarperCollins decides to settle two of the cases just brought against them. 19 coalition members release a statement condemning the legal actions against Catherine Belton and HarperCollins.
AUGUST 2021
ENRC files two cases against the journalist Tom Burgis – one with his publisher HarperCollins, and one with his employer the Financial Times. This follows a previous case initiated in the US in 2020. 22 coalition members publish a statement condemning the lawsuits.
NOVEMBER 2021
At the first ever UK Anti-SLAPP Conference, the Coalition publishes its ‘Proposals for Procedural Reform’, developed during roundtables with legal experts, which conclude the need for a UK Anti-SLAPP Law.
DECEMBER 2021
Abramovich decides to settle the case with Catherine Belton and HarperCollins, and withdraws the Australia case.
Eliot Higgins, founder of open source news agency Bellingcat, has a libel case filed against him in London by Yevgeny Prigozhin, a Russian oligarch known as ‘Putin’s Chef’. The claims related to tweets Higgins posted linking to investigations about Prigozhin’s connections with the Wagner Group.
In what is believed to be the first Appellate decision on the territorial reach of the UK GDPR, the Court of Appeal give Walter Soriano, an Israeli/British citizen, permission to bring a data protection claim (together with libel and misuse of private data claims) against California-based media outlet Forensic News, its founder and several of its journalists.
2022
JANUARY 2022
Coalition members monitor Carole Cadwalladr’s trial at the Royal Courts of Justice.
The National Crime Agency seizes £5.6m from the family of the Azerbaijani MP who sued journalist Paul Radu in London’s libel courts between 2018-2020.
A debate on ‘Lawfare and the UK Court System’ is held in Parliament on 20th January. Co-sponsored by Conservative MP David Davis and Labour MP Liam Byrne, 16 MPs took part to discuss SLAPPs. At the debate the UK Government announced that it will be a member of the Council of Europe’s working group on SLAPPs, to produce an anti-SLAPP draft Recommendation for member states due in December 2023.
FEBRUARY 2022
On 24th February, Russia invades Ukraine and the then Foreign Secretary Liz Truss, is reported to have told Government lawyers to “find literally any way” to crack down on SLAPPs.
15 Anti-SLAPP Coalition members condemn an ongoing lawsuit against Forensic News, deeming it a SLAPP.
MARCH 2022
Yevgeny Prigozhin denies any association with Wagner Group, when it was sanctioned in March 2022. At the following hearing of Eliot Higgins’ case, Edward Miller from Discreet Law LLP successfully applied to withdraw the law firm from representing Prigozhin.
At a meaning hearing, Justice Nicklin dismissed ENRC’s case against Burgis and HarperCollins finding their claim that Burgis had defamed the company was without merit as only individuals can commit murder, not corporations. Less than two weeks later, on 14th March, ENRC withdrew its remaining case against Burgis and the FT.
On 4th March, the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) mentions SLAPPs for the first time in its updated guidance on Conduct in Disputes.
On 15th March, Foreign Affairs Select Committee holds a one-off evidence session on SLAPPs, including witness statements from Catherine Belton, Tom Burgis, their publisher at HarperCollins Arabella Pike, and Coalition co-chair Susan Coughtrie.
On 17th March, Justice Minister Dominic Raab, launches a call for evidence on SLAPPs, which cites Foreign Policy Centre’s and the CASE’s research. On 31st March, the House of Lords’ Digital and Communications Committee, also holds an evidence session on SLAPPs with journalists and lawyers, including Coalition co-chair Charlie Holt.
MAY 2022
In May, Justice Nicklin struck out the claim against Eliot Higgins from the High Court as Prigozhin repeatedly failed to comply with court orders.
In his judgement in the SLAPP case against Realtid, Justice Knowles ruled that the courts of England and Wales do not have jurisdiction over ten of the 13 defamation claims.
On 10th May, the Justice Committee holds a one-off evidence session on SLAPPs, with evidence from lawyers, legal experts and the National Union of Journalists.
On 19th May, UK Anti-SLAPP Coalition submits its response to the call for evidence, with a draft model UK Anti-SLAPP Law.
JUNE 2022
Carole Cadwalladr wins her case against Arron Banks. While the judgement was heralded as a landmark case for media freedom, having been defended on public interest, the judge also took the unprecedented step of stating she found it “neither fair nor apt” to describe the case as a SLAPP suit.
On 24th June, FPC and ARTICLE 19’s report ‘London Calling’, is presented in Parliament at a briefing hosted by the APPGs on Anti-Corruption and Responsible Tax, and Fair Business Banking. An Economic Crime Manifesto, published jointly by both APPGs, includes a call for anti-SLAPP legislation.
JULY 2022
The MoJ publish the outcome report from their consultation. It finds that journalists, media and other publishers will “no longer publish information on certain individuals or topics – such as exposing serious wrongdoing or corruption – because of potential legal costs.” The UK Government commits to legislative reform. The co-chairs of UK Anti-SLAPP Coalition release a statement welcoming this step but calling for bolder measures.
openDemocracy and TBIJ received pre-action letters from Boies Schiller Flexner on behalf of Jusan Technologies and the Nazarbayev Fund, arguing the articles were inaccurate, defamatory and damaged their reputations.
AUGUST 2022
Claims are filed against openDemocracy, TBIJ and the Telegraph. The outlets had reported on the link between the Nazarbayev Fund, associated with a former Kazakh president and Jusan Technologies Ltd, a UK registered company that controlled over $7.8bn in gross asset value. 21 UK Coalition members publish a statement titled: ‘Anti-SLAPP measures cannot come fast enough’.
SEPTEMBER 2022
The SRA, which regulates solicitors in England and Wales, sets out its ongoing steps to address this issue. These have included instigating a thematic review, identifying almost 30 cases where a firm may have been involved in a SLAPP
Eliot Higgins posted a twitter thread in which he pointed out that Prigozhin has now admitted his involvement with Wagner.
OCTOBER 2022
On 17th October, David Davis MP sponsors a debate on Lawfare and Investigative Journalism in light of the claims filed against TBIJ, the Telegraph and openDemocracy, and calls for SLAPP reforms to “move more quickly.” During the debate Dame Margaret Hodge also raises concerns regarding a legal challenge against Chatham House, in relation to their December 2021 report ‘The UK’s Kleptocracy Problem.’
NOVEMBER 2022
On 4th November, the Joint Committee on Human Rights holds a one-off evidence session on SLAPPS, including Coalition co-chair Nik Williams.
On 22 November, the Model UK Anti-SLAPP Law, developed by the Coalition together with expert media lawyers, is launched in Parliament at an event co-hosted by MPs David Davis and Liam Byrne.
Between 28-29 November, Foreign Policy Centre, in partnership with the International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and the Justice for Journalists Foundation, hosted the second edition of the UK Anti-SLAPP Conference in London, entitled ‘Spotlighting Solutions’.
On 28 November, the SRA publishes a SLAPP warning notice.
On 29 November, a letter signed by 70 editors, journalists, lawyers and experts and coordinated by the Coalition was sent to Dominic Raab and Rishi Sunak, calling for the UK Government to incorporate the UK Model Anti-SLAPP Law into its planned legislative response to SLAPPs.
2023
JANUARY 2023
In January, openDemocracy revealed that Yevgeny Prigozhin had still been able to obtain special licences from the UK Government to sue journalist Eliot Higgins of investigative website Bellingcat, who had exposed his crimes, for libel.
On 16 January, Realtid published a statement on their website confirming that the parties have reached a settlement, which means that Svante Kumlin pays part of Realtid’s legal fees and that Realtid adds an apology to three of the articles about Svante Kumlin and EEW. In March, 21 Coalition members signed a statement welcoming the settlement, while calling for robust anti-SLAPP measures in the UK.
On 26 January 2023, the House of Lords Communications and Digital Committee writes to the Ministry of Justice, HM Treasury and DCMS calling for action to tackle the use of SLAPPs by wealthy individuals to silence their critics.
FEBRUARY 2023
Dominic Raab, the Justice Minister, responded to the 29 November letter coordinated by the Coalition but failed to confirm a timetable for the bringing forward of anti-SLAPP measures by the UK Government.
In February, the Court of Appeal found of the three claims under appeal, two in Carole Cadwalladr’s favour and one in Arron Banks.
On 14 February, the SRA published the finds of its first Thematic Review on SLAPPs, based on visiting 25 law firms and reviewing 50 files. The SRA found that while firms “had a good general understanding of SLAPPs”, the level of training and knowledge was not consistent across the industry.
In February 2023, Shell lodged a multimillion dollar legal action, initially threatening to sue for more than $8 million dollars (£6.5 million) in damages against Greenpeace. It also asked all of Greenpeace’s national and regional organisations to sign an undertaking to indefinitely desist from intervening with any of Shell’s equipment at sea or port, no matter its location.
MARCH 2023
On 1 March 2023, the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) rejected Walter Soriano’s appeal and upheld obtaining of evidence through a US court for use in English civil proceedings. Ahead of a court hearing scheduled for 2nd March 2023, it was confirmed that the case had been settled, with written statements being published on the Forensic News website, as well as the twitter accounts of Scott Stedman and the other involved journalists. The seven articles and one podcast episode that formed the basis of the SLAPP have been taken down and will no longer be publicly available.
In response to the news that Prigozhin had secured a licence to sue Eliot Higgins, on 30 March, the UK Government announced reform to the sanctions regime to make it harder for licences to be granted for defamation actions.
As part of the second US Summit for Democracy held between 29 and 31st March, the UK pledges to ‘decisively’ stamp out SLAPPs with a deadline of March 2025.
APRIL 2023
On 26 April 2023, the High Court passed down its judgment in favour of Nina Cresswell after she was sued for defamation by Billy Hay in response to her online testimony that he had “violently sexually assaulted her”.
JUNE 2023
On 13 June, the UK Government announced an anti-SLAPP amendment to the Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Bill
JULY 2023
The Council of Europe announced a public consultation on the draft text of the Committee of Ministers Recommendation on Countering Strategic Lawsuits against Public Participation (SLAPPs)
AUGUST 2023
The UK Anti-SLAPP Coalition submitted evidence in response to the public consultation on the draft text of the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers Recommendation on Countering Strategic Lawsuits against Public Participation (SLAPPs).
SEPTEMBER 2023
Over 60 editors, journalists, writers, publishers, academics and experts, including the CEOs of ITN and Pan Macmillan, as well as the editors of The Guardian, The Telegraph, The Sun, The Times and The Sunday Times, the Financial Times, Bloomberg, Private Eye, Tortoise and The Mirror wrote to Justice Secretary Alex Chalk KC MP to request that a standalone anti-SLAPP Bill is included in the King’s Speech.
The UK Government established a taskforce on Strategic Lawsuits against Public Participation (SLAPPs), which aimed to explore non-legislative measures to address SLAPPs.
OCTOBER 2023
The Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act (ECCTA), which includes the first anti-SLAPP provisions in England & Wales for reporting on economic crime received Royal Assent on 26 October.
On 31 October, the Supreme Court rejected Carole Cadwalladr’s appeal regarding the costs order made by the Court of Appeal in May 2023 as it did not raise an arguable point of law.
DECEMBER 2023
Wayne David MP presented the Strategic Litigation Against Public Participation Bill, his Private Members’ Bill, to the Houses of Parliament. This would be a standalone and universal anti-SLAPP Bill.
Shell filed its claim against Greenpeace. This reduced the damages from $8 million dollars to $1 million.
2024
JANUARY 2024
On 8 January 2024, the High Court in Northern Ireland ruled to strike out Gerry Kelly’s claim against Malachi O’Doherty, terming it “scandalous, frivolous and vexatious”. The judge also stated “where a court is satisfied on the balance of probabilities that a defamation action amounts to a SLAPP then an award of costs to the defendant on an indemnity basis is an inevitable consequence”. Kelly was ordered to bear his and O’Doherty’s judicial costs.
FEBRUARY 2024
On 22 February 2024, a British court issued a ruling in favour of investigative journalists, Daniel Balint-Kurti, Will Jordan, and their employer the Journalism Development Network, which operates the Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), who were being sued by Ashti Hawrami.
The Strategic Litigation Against Public Participation Bill, a private members’ bill from Wayne David receives its second reading in Parliament.
APRIL 2024
The SRA publishes the findings of its second Thematic Review on SLAPPs, which found indicators of a SLAPP on one of the 40 files they reviewed.
The UK Anti-SLAPP Coalition coordinated a letter to the Justice Secretary Alex Chalk KC MP calling on the Government to support amendments to the Strategic Litigation Against Public Participation Bill, which was signed by over 60 editors and experts.
The legal action brought by Gerry Kelly against writer Ruth Dudley Edwards was dismissed by agreement between the parties.
MAY 2024
On 8 May, the Committee Stage hearing of the Strategic Litigation Against Public Participation Bill took place in the UK Parliament. While some positive changes were made, the UK Anti-SLAPP Coalition raised concerns about the missed opportunities.
On 22 May 2024, Rishi Sunak announced the next General Election would take place on 4 July 2024. As a result of the dissolution of Parliament, the Strategic Litigation Against Public Participation Bill was discarded.
On 31 May, the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) updates its SLAPPs Warning Notice
JULY 2024
Signature Clinics settled all but one case ahead of a trial on the issue of defamation. These related to legal actions brought against former patients who had spoken out about the care they had received. The details of the settlements are confidential but Signature Clinic has agreed to pay legal costs.
SEPTEMBER 2024
On 11 September, the UK Anti-SLAPP Coalition sent a fake legal letter from the fictional law firm, Silver, Langston And Percival Partners to every sitting MP to raise attention about the need for legislative protections against SLAPPs.
NOVEMBER 2024
On 21 November, the Backbench Business Committee hosted a debate, sponsored by Labour MP, Lloyd Hatton, to highlight the lasting impact of abusive legal threats on the public’s right to know. Shielded by parliamentary privilege, MPs from six parties across the political spectrum, brought to light stories from outlets based across the country that had been spiked due to the legal risk.
DECEMBER 2024
Shell and Greenpeace reached a settlement, where Greenpeace agreed to donate £300,000 to Royal National Lifeboat Association (RNLI). It also promised to refrain from protesting at three of Shell’s North Sea oil and gas fields for a duration of five years and another one for a duration of ten years.
At a hearing at the Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal (SDT), Ashley Hurst of Osborne Clarke LLP, was found guilty of improperly stifling public scrutiny in relation to correspondence he sent to Dan Neidle when acting for ex-minister Nadhim Zahawi. Hurst’s breach of the SRA’s Code of Conduct and Principles resulted in a fine of £50,000.
2025
FEBRUARY 2025
On 28 February, the Scottish Government announced a public consultation on SLAPPs to “ensure that our legal system cannot be abused to stifle legitimate expression.” It closed on 23 May.
MARCH 2025
Following letters from the UK Anti-SLAPP Coalition and Baroness Stowell, the SRA published a letter defending its decision that Discreet Law, acting for the warlord Yevgeny Prigozhin in his SLAPP against Eliot Higgins, did not act improperly.
APRIL 2025
On 6 April, two amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules came into effect as a result of the passage of the anti-SLAPP provisions in the Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act (2023)
The SLAPP action by Signature Clinic, aimed at former patients and a patient advocate, won the Farcical Threat of the Year at the 2025 European SLAPP Contest organised by the Coalition Against SLAPPs in Europe.
AUGUST 2025
The High Court found in favour of The Guardian in relation to the legal action brought by the actor, producer and filmmaker, Noel Clarke. The media outlet succeeded in establishing both truth and public interest defences to the libel claim.
In a prosecution decision, on 6 August, the SRA decided to refer Claire Gill, a lawyer at Carter Ruck to the Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal based on allegations that she “sent or arranged to be sent correspondence which contained an improper threat of litigation.” This was in reference to Carter Ruck’s representation of OneCoin and its founder who threatened a victim advocate with legal action in 2017.
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